Ansiedade ao tratamento odontológico em escolares do ensino médio no município de Alfenas-MG / Dental anxiety in high school students in Alfenas-MG

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ansiedade ao tratamento odontológico em escolares do ensino médio no município de Alfenas (MG). Tratou-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. Solicitou-se autorização das instituições para desenvolvimento do estudo e assinatura dos responsáveis do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. A amostra consistiu de 300 alunos, sendo 150 de colégio público e 150 de particular, com idade de 15 a 18 anos. Para a coleta das variáveis - gênero, idade, se já consultou o dentista, frequência de visitas ao dentista e sentimento apresentado enquanto aguardava na sala de espera - foi utilizado um questionário. Para avaliar a ansiedade ao tratamento odontológico utilizou-se o Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) de Corah. Os dados foram tabulados no Microsoft Office Excel e submetidos ao Teste de x² ao nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença significante entre os alunos que se submeteram a tratamento odontológico das duas escolas; tanto os alunos da escola pública quanto particular responderam em maior porcentagem que buscam o atendimento odontológico somente quando julgam necessário; durante a permanência na sala de espera do dentista, o sentimento predominante nos alunos de ambas as escolas foi de tranquilidade; os dados colhidos pela Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) de Corah mostraram predominância do grau levemente ansioso ao tratamento odontológico para os entrevistados de ambas as escolas.

The aim of this study was to assess anxiety during dental treatment in high school students in Alfenas (MG). This was an epidemiological, descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative approach. Requested authorization of institutions to study development and signature of the responsible of the Term of Consent. The sample consisted of 300 students, 150 of 150 public school and particularly, aged 15-18 years. For the collection of variables, gender, age, now consulted the dentist, frequency of visits to the dentist and feeling displayed while waiting in the waiting room questionnaire was used. To assess anxiety dental treatment was used Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) of Corah. Data were tabulated in Microsoft Office Excel and submitted to x² test at a significance level of 5 %. There was no significant difference between students who underwent dental treatment of the two schools, both public school students responded particularly as a higher percentage who seek dental care only when they judge necessary, while in the waiting room at the dentist, predominant feeling among students of both schools was quiet, the data collected by the Dental Anxiety Scale ( DAS) to Corah showed predominance of the degree slightly anxious dental treatment to respondents from both schools.

Avaliação do índice de biofilme dentário, do deterioro e dos cuidados relativos ao armazenamento e desinfecção das escovas dentais de crianças de uma creche do sul de Minas Gerais / Index assessment biofilm, and the deterioration of care related to storage and disinfection of toothbrushes for children from a nursery in southern Minas Gerais

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o índice de biofilme dentário e cuidados relativos ao armazenamento e desinfecção das escovas dentais de crianças de uma creche de uma cidade do Sul de Minas Gerais. Tratou-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. Foi solicitada a autorização da instituição para desenvolvimento do estudo e a assinatura dos responsáveis pela criança do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. A amostra consistiu-se de 100 crianças/escovas. Para a avaliação do índice de biofilme foi utilizado o índice de higiene bucal Podshadley e Halley. Os dados coletados foram tabulados no Microsoft Office Excel e os resultados apresentados em quadros com valores absolutos e percentuais. Do total de crianças, 55% são do gênero masculino e 45% do feminino, a faixa etária variou de 6 a 13 anos. O maior índice de biofilme foi entre regular e bom respectivamente. O estágio prevalente do deterioro das escovas ficou entre 1, significando pouco uso da mesma e 2, indicando frequência da escovação. As escovas são armazenadas individualmente em um porta-escova fechado, a cabeça da escova é lavada em água corrente, não sendo utilizado nenhum outro meio de desinfecção. A substituição da escova acontece dentro de um intervalo de 6 meses a um ano. Diante das conclusões sugere-se que um programa de ações coletivas de saúde bucal seja desenvolvido na creche em questão e demais creches para orientar os cuidadores e as crianças quanto à técnica adequada de higiene oral, o correto uso, acondicionamento e substituição das escovas dentais.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of biofilm and care related to storage and disinfection of toothbrushes children from a daycare in a city in southern Minas Gerais. This was an epidemiological, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. We requested the authorization of the institution for the study and development of caregivers signing of the Instrument of Consent. The sample consisted of 100 children / brushes. To review the biofilm index, the index of oral hygiene and Podshadley Halley was used. The collected data were tabulated in Microsoft Office Excel and the results presented in tables with absolute values and percentages. Of all children, 55 % were male and 45 % female , and the age range was 6-13 years. The highest biofilm was between fair and good, respectively; The prevalent stage of deterioration of the brushes was between 1, indicating little use of it and 2, indicating the frequency of toothbrushing. The brushes are individually stored in a closed brush holder, the brush head is washed in tap water, not using any other means of disinfection. The replacement of the brush case in an interval of 6 months to a year. Given the findings it is suggested that a program of collective oral health actions be developed in the nursery and other nurseries in question to guide caregivers and children about the proper technique of oral hygiene, proper use, packaging and replacement of toothbrushes.

Serial measurement of the circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor and its soluble receptors 1 and 2 for monitoring leprosy patients during multidrug treatment

Leprosy is an infectious and contagious spectral disease accompanied by a series of immunological events triggered by the host response to the aetiologic agent, Mycobacterium leprae . The induction and maintenance of the immune/inflammatory response in leprosy are linked to multiple cell interactions and soluble factors, primarily through the action of cytokines. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its soluble receptors (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2) in leprosy patients at different stages of multidrug treatment (MDT) in comparison with non-infected individuals and to determine their role as putative biomarkers of the severity of leprosy or the treatment response. ELISA was used to measure the levels of these molecules in 30 healthy controls and 37 leprosy patients at the time of diagnosis and during and after MDT. Our results showed increases in the serum levels of TNF-α and sTNF-R2 in infected individuals in comparison with controls. The levels of TNF-α, but not sTNF-R2, decreased with treatment. The current results corroborate previous reports of elevated serum levels of TNF-α in leprosy and suggest a role for sTNF-R2 in the control of this cytokine during MDT.

Ansiedade e Depressão em Vestibulandos / Anxiety and Depression in students

Objetivo: avaliar a ansiedade e depressão em vestibulandos, verificar o uso de antidepressivos bem como a associação entre sexo, faixa etária e renda familiar com essas variáveis. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, realizado com 275 vestibulandos de cursos preparatórios para o vestibular da cidade de Alfenas-MG. Para coleta de dados, foram utilizados dois instrumentos: de caracterização da amostra e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão/Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Os dados foram analisados em valores percentuais, e aplicou-se o teste de Qui-quadrado (p<0,05) para verificar possíveis associações entre variáveis. Resultados: com relação à caracterização da amostra, houve predomínio de vestibulandos na faixa etária de 17 a 24 anos; solteiros, residentes em Alfenas, com renda familiar de R$1000,00 a R$6000,00, com casa própria, católicos praticantes e que não utilizavam antidepressivos.Houve um número significativo de estudantes com ansiedade (58,5%) e com depressão (28,4%). As variáveis independentes sexo, faixa etária e renda familiar mensal apresentaram associação estatisticamente significante com as variáveis ansiedade e depressão. Conclusão: frente aos resultados apresentados, concluiu-se que se faz necessária a criação de subsídios para alívio da ansiedade e depressão dessa população, contribuindo para o seu sucesso no vestibular.

Objective: To assess anxiety and depression in high school students, and to verify the use of antidepressants, as well as the association between gender, age and household income on these variables. Methods: This was an epidemiological, descriptive, transversal and quantitative study conducted with 275 high school students of preparatory courses for the entrance of the city of Alfenas-MG. For data collection we used two instruments: characterization of the sample and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression / Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Data were analyzed as percentages and applied the chi-square test (p <0.05) for possible associations between variables. Results: With regard to the characterization of the sample was predominantly school students aged 17-24 years, unmarried, living in Alfenas with family income of R $ 1,000.00 to R $ 6,000.00, with home ownership, practicing Catholics and antidepressants. There was not use a significant number of students with anxiety (58.5%) and depression (28.4%). The independent variables gender, age and family income significantly associated with anxiety and depression variables. Conclusion: Based on the results presented it is concluded that it is necessary to create subsidies for relief of anxiety and depression in this population, thus contributing to their success in the entrance exam.

Ansiedade Pré-Implante Dentário / Anxiety Pre-Dental Implants

Objetivo: identificar a presença ou não de ansiedade por meio dos sentimentos apresentados pelos pacientes nos momentos que antecedem a realização do implante dentário e caracterizar a população de estudo quanto às variáveis idade, sexo, estado civil, escolaridade, renda familiar mensal, tipo de moradia, religião e prática da religião. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, realizado com 200 pacientes do Centro de Implantodontia de Alfenas - CIALF e do Instituto Marcelo Pedreira, do município de Alfenas - MG. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados dois instrumentos: de caracterização da amostra e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão/Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Os dados foram tabulados, analisados, adotando-se para a detecção da ansiedade os pontos de cortes recomendados por Zigmond & Snaith e Snaith. Resultados: com relação à caracterização da amostra, houve maior procura de implantes por pacientes de 30 a 59 anos (70,5%); 28% residiam no município de Alfenas, 65,5% eram casados, e 60%, do gênero feminino. 52,5% dos entrevistados possuíam renda familiar mensal de um a dois salários mínimos, 92,5% residiam em casa própria, 78% eram católicos, e 84,5% praticavam a religião. 72% dos entrevistados não apresentaram ansiedade seguidos de 28% com ansiedade. Conclusão: devido ao baixo percentual de ansiedade encontrado no presente estudo, pode-se inferir que existe, por parte dos pacientes, um conhecimento e expectativa razoáveis sobre o assunto bem como sobre os objetivos, as vantagens e os benefícios esperados.

Objective: To identify the presence or absence of anxiety through the feelings presented by patients in the moments prior to completion of the dental implant, and to characterize the study population for the variables: age, sex, marital status, education, family income, type housing, religion and religious practice. Methods: This was an epidemiological, descriptive, transversal and quantitative study conducted with 200 patients of the Center for Implantology Alfenas-CIALF and Institute Marcelo Pedreira, the Alfenas - MG. For data collection we used two instruments: characterization of the sample and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression / Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Data were tabulated and analyzed by adopting for the detection of anxiety cutoff points recommended by Snaith & Zigmond and Snaith. Results: With regard to the characterization of the sample, there was greater demand for implant patients 30-59 years (70.5%), 28% live in Alfenas, 65.5% were married and 60% were female. 52.5% of respondents have a monthly income of one to two minimum wages, 92.5% live in their own home, 78% are Catholics and 84.5% practice religion. 72% of respondents had no anxiety followed by 28% with anxiety. Conclusion: For the low percentage of anxiety found in this study, it can be inferred that there is, on the part of patients, knowledge and reasonable expectations on the subject, as well as on the objectives, advantages and benefits.

Níveis séricos de cortisol basal em ratos sob tratamento oral com kefir / Basal serum cortisol in rats under treatment with oral kefir

A via de metabolismo do kefir ainda é desconhecida em muitas funções, pois há poucos estudos que a evidenciam. Assim a proposta do presente estudo é avaliar o efeito do kefir sobre os níveis séricos de cortisol basal. Um Estudo experimental em que foram utilizados 60 ratos, machos, wistar, peso de 180±30g, sendo 20 animais de experimento por 07, 14 e 21dias, divididos em Kefir 20g/200ml (GK); Dexametasona 0,125mg/kg (GD); Ranitidina 0,85mg/kg (GR); Omeprazol 0,68mg/kg (GO); Controle água ad libitum (GCO). Os resultados foram avaliados pelo Software BioEstat 5.0, e para verificação do nível de significância (α<5%) usou-se a ANOVA com o teste Tukey-kramer e Bartlett’s test. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o cortisol basal (μg/dL) do sangue de 60 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) submetidos ao tratamento, com D7 (P<0.05), evidenciou no GR uma média representativa sobre os demais grupos com 2.2075 μg/dl, e desvio padrão (SD) de 0.4329 μg/dl. Já em D14, as alterações evidenciadas foram relativamente mínimas e pouco representativas, com D21 quando relacionado o GO e GR (P<0.01), ao que tange a relação entre o GK e o GD apresentou diferenças significativas (P< 0,001). A média no GK foi de 3,4 μg/dl com um SD de 0,3238 μg/dl sobre os demais grupos experimentais, o GD apresentou níveis muito baixos de cortisol com 0,0275μg/dl e o SD de 0,009574 μg/dl. Conclui-se que o Kefir, quando consumido em doses contínuas e diariamente, repercutiu na elevação dos níveis séricos de cortisol. Não foi possível estabelece a via de mecanismo que tenha contribuído para tal, entretanto, esse aumento ocorreu sem que os animais sofressem qualquer tipo de dano, ou seja, os animais submetidos ao tratamento com kefir mostraram-se mais vistosos, pelagem firme e com brilho, esboçando aspecto saudável.

The metabolism pathway of kefir remains unknown with regard to many functions due to the few studies that have addressed this issue. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of kefir on basal serum cortisol. For such, 60 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 180 ± 30 g were allocated to the following five groups: kefir group (KG) – 20 g/200 ml; dexamethasone group (DG) – 0.125 mg/kg; ranitidine group (RG) – 0.85 mg/kg; omeprazole group (OG) – 0.68 mg/kg; and control group (CG) – water ad libitum. Evaluations were carried out on Days 7, 14 and 21 (20 animals per evaluation). Statistical analysis involved ANOVA with the Tukey-Kramer test and Bartlett’s test, with the level of significance set to 5% (p < 0.05). All analyses were performed with the aid of the BioEstat 5.0 program. At the Day 7 evaluation, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in basal cortisol was found in the RG (2.2075 ± 0.4329 μg/dL), whereas non-significant changes were found at the Day 14 evaluation. At the Day 21 evaluation, significant changes were found in the OG and RG (p < 0.01). Moreover, significant differences were found between the KG and DG (p < 0.001); mean cortisol level in the KG was 3.4 ± 0.3238 μg/dL, whereas a very low cortisol level was found in the DG (0.0275 ± 0.009574 μg/dL). Based on the present findings, kefir leads to elevated serum cortisol when consumed in continuous, daily doses. While it was not possible to establish the mechanism that contributed to this result, the increase occurred apparently without causing harm, as the animals submitted to kefir had a firm, shiny coat and appeared healthy.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida de pacientes oncológicos submetidos à quimioterapia / Assessment of quality of life of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A oncologia é uma das áreas que mais tem avaliado a qualidade de vida (QV) devido ao fato do tratamento ser agressivo e poder interferir o estilo de vida dos pacientes oncológicos. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a QV de pacientes oncológicos submetidos à quimioterapia.MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, transversal e quantitativa realizada com 100 pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia em um serviço de oncologia de um hospital do município de Alfenas/MG. Utilizou-se um questionário de caracterização, assim como dados sobre a doença, além do World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-bref) para avaliação da QV. Após a coleta de dados calcularam-se os escores das facetas do WHOQOL--bref e elaboraram-se tabelas com os escores dos domínios.RESULTADOS: Observou-se maior frequência de pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade acima de 65 anos, ensino fundamental incompleto, renda familiar de 3 a 4 salários mínimos, católicos e aposentados. Quanto ao tipo de câncer prevaleceu o de mama,seguido pelo de próstata, com o tempo de doença de 4 a 6 meses.Com relação à QV, verificou-se em geral apresentou escore de 3,75; o domínio físico, 3,40; o psicológico, 3,79; o relações sociais, 4,04; e o domínio meio ambiente, 3,29.CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes oncológicos estudados apresentaram QV entre "nem ruim, nem boa" e "boa", ou seja, eles consideram ter uma boa QV mesmo sendo um portador de câncer e necessitar do tratamento quimioterápico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Oncology is one of the areas that have most evaluated quality of life (QOL) due to the fact that the treatment is aggressive and can interfere in lifestyle of cancer patients. The study aimed to evaluate the quality of life (QL) of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHOD: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative trial conducted with 100 patients undergoing chemotherapy in an oncology department of a hospital in the city of Alfenas, in the state of Minas Gerais. We used a questionnaire for the characterization, as well as for data about the disease, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-bref) questionnaire for evaluating quality of life. After collecting the data we calculated the scores of the WHOQOL-bref and tables were prepared with the scores. RESULTS: One can observe that there was a higher frequency of female patients, aged over 65, with incomplete elementary education, family income of 3 to 4 minimum wages, Catholic and retirees. Regarding the type of cancer, breast cancer was prevalent, followed by prostate cancer, with disease length of 4-6 months. With respect to QL, it was found that the overall QOL score was of 3.75; physical domain, 3.40; psychological domain, 3.79; social relations domain, 4.04; and the environment domain, 3.29. CONCLUSION: The cancer patients studied have quality of lifebetween "neither bad nor good" and "good", that is, they believe they have a good QL despite being cancer patients and needing chemotherapy treatment.

Serial measurement of the circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor and its soluble receptors 1 and 2 for monitoring leprosy patients during multidrug treatment.

Leprosy is an infectious and contagious spectral disease accompanied by a series of immunological events triggered by the host response to the aetiologic agent, Mycobacterium leprae . The induction and maintenance of the immune/inflammatory response in leprosy are linked to multiple cell interactions and soluble factors, primarily through the action of cytokines. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its soluble receptors (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2) in leprosy patients at different stages of multidrug treatment (MDT) in comparison with non-infected individuals and to determine their role as putative biomarkers of the severity of leprosy or the treatment response. ELISA was used to measure the levels of these molecules in 30 healthy controls and 37 leprosy patients at the time of diagnosis and during and after MDT. Our results showed increases in the serum levels of TNF-α and sTNF-R2 in infected individuals in comparison with controls. The levels of TNF-α, but not sTNF-R2, decreased with treatment. The current results corroborate previous reports of elevated serum levels of TNF-α in leprosy and suggest a role for sTNF-R2 in the control of this cytokine during MDT.

Gestantes frente ao tratamento odontológico / Pregnant women during dental treatment

O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a conduta de gestantes atendidas em consultórios médicos de um município do Sul do Estado de Minas Gerais frente ao tratamento odontológico. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal, quantitativo com 100 gestantes que procuraram atendimento médico em consultórios particulares e do SUS de Alfenas (MG). As entrevistas foram realizadas através da aplicação de questionários contendo 18 questões cada um. Foi observado que a maioria das gestantes realizam três escovações/ dia e utilizam o fio dental de 2 a 3 vezes ao dia. Vinte e dois por cento das entrevistadas acusou sensibilidade à escovação, trinta e cinco por cento, sangramento fácil e vinte e quatro por cento apresentou gengiva edemaciada e medo da exposição aos raios X. Concluiu-se que as gestantes apresentam bons hábitos de higiene bucal, contudo sentem medos e desconfortos relacionados a procedimentos odontológicos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of pregnant women from a city of southern state of Minas Gerais during dental treatment. A quantitative Cross-sectional study was mad with 100 pregnant patients who were seeking medical care in private and NHS Alfenas-MG. The interviews were realized through questionnaires containing 18 questions. The results show that most patients carry three brushings / day and use dental floss 2-3 times a day. Also, 22% of them accused sensitivity brushing, 35% and 24% easy bleeding, swollen gums and fear of the exposure to X-ray. The conclusion was that pregnant women have good oral hygiene habits, but feel fear and discomfort related to dental procedures.

Assessment of quality of life of patients with leprosy reactional states treated in a dermatology reference center.

BACKGROUND: Disabilities and deformities resulting from reactive outbreaks of leprosy can cause many problems for the patients, interfering with their quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of life of patients with leprosy reactional states identified at the Reference Center in Belo Horizonte - MG. METHODS: This was an epidemiological cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study, involving 120 patients in treatment for leprosy reactional states, from December 2007 to March 2008, held at the Dermatology outpatients clinic of the Hospital Eduardo de Menezes from FHEMIG, BH. We used two instruments for the socio-demographic, economic and clinical variables and a generic instrument WHOQOL WHO. The data were tabulated in SPSS and analyzed using the mean score with the application of statistical tests (p <0.05). RESULTS: We found that the median age of the patients was 48 years, most were males, married, from cities around BH, with incomplete elementary school, retired or pensioner, and with a family income of two minimum wages. Most of them reported that the disease interfered a great deal with their professional activities and leisure. In the assessment of QoL, the lowest rating was observed in the physical domain and the highest was observed in the psychological and social relations. The internal consistency of WHO-QOL-bref was acceptable to the facets and domains. CONCLUSIONS: Leprosy causes suffering that goes beyond the pain and discomfort strictly related to the physical damage, with great social and psychological impact.

Avaliação da atividade protetora gástrica do extrato hidroalcoólico da semente de girassol em ratas / Evaluation of the gastroprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of sunflower seed in rats

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a proteção gástrica do extrato hidroalcoólico da semente de girassol (EHSG) em relaçãoao estresse, ao uso de indometacina e etanol. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo experimental envolvendo 90 ratas (Rattus norvegicus albinus), da linhagem Wistar, fêmeas, com peso corporal médio de 150-230 g, divididos em 18 grupos distintos os quais receberam os seguintes tratamentos: EHSG:250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg e 2000 mg/kg; etanol 0,5mL; cimetidina 60 mg/kg; indometacina 20 mg/kg; água 1 mL. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa Grand PadPrism 5 com aplicação de testes estatísticos considerando o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: O EHSG apresenta proteção contra as lesões gástricas em ratas, nas doses de 250 e 1000 mg, tanto no modelo pelo estresse, quanto na indução por etanol e indometacina. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados obtidos no presente estudo mostram que o EHSG apresenta proteção gástrica em determinadas doses.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the gastric protection hidroalcoólico extract the sunflower seed (EHSG) in relation to stress, the use of indomethacin and ethanol. METHOD: We conducted an experimental study involving 90 rats (Rattus norvegicus albinos), Wistar, females, mean body weight of 150-230 g were divided into 18 distinct groups which received the following treatments: EHSG: 250mg/kg , 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg; 0.5 mL ethanol, cimetidine 60 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg indomethacin; 1 mL water. Data were analyzed using the GrandPad Prism 5 with application of statistical tests, the significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The EHSG has protective against gastric injury in rats at doses 250 mg and 1000, both in the model by stress, as in the induction by ethanol and indomethacin. CONCLUSION: The data obtained in this study show that has EHSG gastric protection in certain doses.

Assessment of quality of life of patients with leprosy reactional states treated in a dermatology reference center / Avaliação da qualidade de vida de pacientes em surto reacional de hanseníase tratados em centro de referência

BACKGROUND: Disabilities and deformities resulting from reactive outbreaks of leprosy can cause many problems for the patients, interfering with their quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of life of patients with leprosy reactional states identified at the Reference Center in Belo Horizonte - MG. METHODS: This was an epidemiological cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study, involving 120 patients in treatment for leprosy reactional states, from December 2007 to March 2008, held at the Dermatology outpatients clinic of the Hospital Eduardo de Menezes from FHEMIG, BH. We used two instruments for the socio-demographic, economic and clinical variables and a generic instrument WHOQOL WHO. The data were tabulated in SPSS and analyzed using the mean score with the application of statistical tests (p <0.05). RESULTS: We found that the median age of the patients was 48 years, most were males, married, from cities around BH, with incomplete elementary school, retired or pensioner, and with a family income of two minimum wages. Most of them reported that the disease interfered a great deal with their professional activities and leisure. In the assessment of QoL, the lowest rating was observed in the physical domain and the highest was observed in the psychological and social relations. The internal consistency of WHO-QOL-bref was acceptable to the facets and domains. CONCLUSIONS: Leprosy causes suffering that goes beyond the pain and discomfort strictly related to the physical damage, with great social and psychological impact.

FUNDAMENTOS: As incapacidades e deformidades decorrentes dos surtos reacionais de hanseníase podem acarretar inúmeros problemas aos pacientes, interferindo na qualidade de vida. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes portadores de hanseníase em estado reacional identificados em centro de referência de Belo Horizonte, MG. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico transversal, descritivo e analítico, envolvendo 120 pacientes em tratamento de surto reacional de hanseníase, no período de dezembro de 2007 a março de 2008, realizado no ambulatório de dermatologia do Hospital Eduardo de Menezes da Fhemig. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos referentes às variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas e clínicas e o instrumento genérico WHOQOL-bref da OMS. Os dados foram tabulados no SPSS e analisados por meio do escore médio com aplicação de testes estatísticos (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que a mediana da idade dos pacientes estudados foi de 48 anos, sendo a maioria deles do sexo masculino, casada, de cidades circunvizinhas a BH, com primeiro grau incompleto, aposentada ou gozando de licença saúde e com renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos vigentes. A maioria deles relatou que a doença interferiu muito nas atividades profissionais e de lazer. Na avaliação da QV, o índice mais baixo foi observado no domínio físico e os mais altos foram observados nos domínios psicológico e das relações sociais. A consistência interna do WHOQOL-bref foi aceitável para as facetas e domínios. CONCLUSÕES: A hanseníase causa sofrimento que ultrapassa a dor e o mal-estar estritamente vinculados ao prejuízo físico, com grande impacto social e psicológico.

Typing Candida albicans oral isolates from healthy Brazilian schoolchildren using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis reveals two highly polymorphic taxa

The genetic diversity of C. albicans oral isolates from 75 healthy schoolchildren from eight schools located in different geographic areas of Piracicaba city, São Paulo state, Brazil, was established using isoenzymes marker (Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis - MLEE) and cluster analysis. Patterns of monoclonal and polyclonal oral colonization by C. albicans within and between groups of schoolchildren were identified. However, significant divergence between the observed and the expected genotypic frequencies (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test) was not detected in the geographically adjacent groups, suggesting the hypothesis that populations of healthy schoolchildren do not correspond to the selection factor (differential survival) of strains. Two highly polymorphic and distantly genetically related taxa (A and B) were identified within the total population of yeasts, each contained subgroups (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1 and B2) and clusters of moderately related strains (from I to X), suggesting the existence of strains restricted or not to certain groups of geographically limited, healthy students. However, the coexistence of identical strains in healthy schoolchildren from the same school (geographically related) reinforces the hypothesis of oral transmission, where the sources of propagation could be explored. Furthermore, this could also be used in current and retrospective analyses of C. albicans isolated from immunocompetent and immunocompromised people, in order to detect commensal or potentially pathogenic yeast groups, predominantly in candidiasis, and in the development of strategies to prevent transmission or human propagation.

Conhecimento dos acadêmicos de odontologia sobre sedação consciente com a utilização do óxido nitroso / Dental students's knowledge about conscious sedation with the use of nitrous oxide

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos acadêmicos de Odontologia em duas universidades (uma particular e outra pública) sobre o uso do óxido nitroso como sedação consciente bem como a necessidade ou não de sua abordagem dentro do referido curso. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, correlacional, transversal quantitativo, desenvolvido com 87 graduandos em Odontologia de duas universidades (pública e particular). Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado. Resultados: Houve maior predomínio de mulheres na faixa etária de 21 a 24 anos. A maioria dos acadêmicos, de ambas as universidades, conhecem a sedação consciente com óxido nitroso e suas indicações, considerando importante utilizar esta técnica, a fim de diminuir a ansiedade do paciente. Os graduandos avaliados gostariam que o tema fosse abordado no curso de graduação, entretanto não há um interesse geral em adotar a sedação com óxido nitroso no consultório odontológico. Conclusão: Frente ao exposto, concluiu-se que os acadêmicos avaliados demonstraram ter conhecimento sobre a sedação consciente com óxido nitroso.

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of dental students in two universities (one private and one public) about the use of nitrous oxide conscious sedation as well as the necessity of its approach within this course. Methods: This was a descriptive, correlational cross was performed with 87 undergraduates from two universities in Dentistry (public and private). To collect data, we used a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: There were more predominantly at female and aged 21 to 24 years. Most academics from both universities know the conscious sedation with nitrous oxide and its indications. We consider it important to use this technique in order to reduce patient anxiety. The undergraduates assessed that the issue would be addressed at the undergraduate level. However, there is an interest in taking to sedation with nitrous oxide in dental practice. Conclusion: Based on these, it was concluded that the evaluated students have demonstrated knowledge of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide.

Study of the profile of the neurotrophin BDNF in new leprosy cases before, during and after multidrug therapy.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin involved in the survival of neurons and growth and differentiation of dendrites and axons. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate plasma levels of BDNF of leprosy patients at different stages of multidrug therapy (MDT) in comparison with non-infected individuals. Plasma levels of BDNF were measured by ELISA in 30 healthy controls and 37 leprosy patients at diagnosis, during and after MDT. Plasma levels of BDNF tended to be higher in control subjects in comparison with leprosy patients, but this difference does not reach statistical significance. Interestingly, BDNF levels changed following MDT, achieving statistical difference only at the 2(nd) dose of MDT. These results indicate that BDNF may not be a surrogate marker of leprosy infection and/or related neuropathy. Further research is needed to investigate the meaning of BDNF level changes following leprosy treatment.

Automedicação em acadêmicos de cursos de graduação da área da saúde de uma universidade privada do sul do estado de Minas Gerais / Self-medication in undergraduate degree courses in the health area of a private university in the southern state of Minas Gerais

Objetivo: Identificar a prática de automedicação em acadêmicos de cursos de graduação da área da saúde ea associação entre o sexo e essa prática. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, transversal e quantitativo,realizado com 697 acadêmicos dos cursos de Medicina, Odontologia, Farmácia e Enfermagem de umauniversidade privada. Na coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário, contendo variáveis relacionadas àautomedicação. Os dados foram inseridos no GraphPad Prism 5, com aplicação do Teste ANOVA e comparação múltipla. Resultados: Houve um alto índice de acadêmicos que se automedicam (93,11%), sendo nocurso de Medicina a maior frequência (94,55%). Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram analgésicos, antitérmicose fármacos para resfriados e gripes, e os principais sintomas/doenças que eles acreditavam possuir foramresfriado/gripe e dor de cabeça. Em todos os cursos avaliados, houve predomínio de mulheres na automedicação,tendo diferença significante (p<0,05). A maioria dos acadêmicos que se automedicam recorre ao aconselhamento com farmacêutico/balconista, aos conselhos de terceiros, aos conhecimentos adquiridosna faculdade e às instruções da bula. Conclusão: A automedicação é um fenômeno nocivo à saúde, cabendoaos profissionais e acadêmicos dessa área se conscientizarem quanto a esta prática.

Objective: To identify the practice of self medication made by undergraduate degree health area?scourses and the association between sex and this practice. Methods: Epidemiological study, descriptive,transversal and quantitative study conducted with 697 academics that course Medicine, Dentistry,Pharmacy and Nursing, in a private university. During data collection, a questionnaire was used, containingvariables related to self-medication. Data were entered into GraphPad Prism 5, with an applicationof ANOVA and multiple comparisons. Results: There was a high rate of students who self-medicate(93.11%), and in the medical school this practice is more often (94.55%). The most widely used drugswere analgesics, antipyretics and medicines for colds and flu, and the main symptoms / illnesses thatthey believed they had been cold / flu and headaches. In all courses evaluated, women predominatedin self, and that was with a significant difference (p <0.05). Most academics who resorts to self--medicate with pharmacist counseling / clerk, advice from others, the knowledge gained in collegeand the label instructions. Conclusion: Self-medication is a phenomenon harmful to health. It is up to professionals and academics in this area are made aware about this practice.

Efeitos do alcoolismo crônico na morfologia renal de ratos Wistar / Effects of chronic alcoholism in the renal morphology of Wistar rats

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O consumo de álcool é prejudicial à integridade do tecido renal, consequentemente, pode originar processos patológicos graves. Dessa forma, considerando o grande número de indivíduos alcoólicos, a importância do tema e também a escassez de dados nacionais e locais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações morfológicas em rins de ratos Wistar sob alcoolismo crônico. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 10 ratos machos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem Wistar, com 50 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos aleatórios (n = 5): Grupo Controle (CT) e Grupo Alcoolizado Crônico (AC). O grupo AC foi submetido ao modelo de alcoolismo crônico determinado de "semivoluntário",sendo o álcool o único alimento líquido disponível ao animal. O grupo AC recebeu por uma semana dieta líquida à base de álcool etílico a 5%, na segunda, 10%, e na terceira, álcool etílico a 15%, permanecendo com essa dieta até 12 semanas. Após, os animais de todos os grupos, foram submetidos à eutanásia (overdose anestésica). Os rins foram coletados para análise histológicae morfométrica. RESULTADOS: A dieta líquida e sólida, a razão do peso renal e peso do animal, espessura do córtex renal, a área glomerular e o espaço capsular dos animais do grupo AC foram inferiores e estatisticamente diferentes dos animais do grupo CT. CONCLUSÃO: O etanol na dose e no tempo utilizado no presente estudo foi suficiente para causar alterações na morfologia renal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Alcohol consumption is harmful to the integrity of the renal tissue; consequently, it can originate serious pathological problems. This way, we consider the great number of alcoholics' individuals, the importance of this topic and also the poor national and local data on the issue. This project had the goal to analyze the morphologic alteration in rat's kidneys, these rats being Wistar, on chronic alcoholism. METHOD: It was used 10 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) belonging to the line Wistar, they were 50 days old, they were divided in two random groups (n = 5); Control Group (CT) and Chronic Alcoholic Group (AC). The AC group was submitted to the chronic alcoholic model certain "semi-voluntary" alcohol being the only liquid available to the animal. The AC group received, for one week aliquid diet on base of the alcohol ethyl at 5%, on the second week, they received 10%, and on the third week, alcohol ethyl at 15%, staying with that diet for 12 weeks. Later, the animals of all groups were submitted to euthanasia (anesthesia overdose). The kidneys were put for histological and morph metric analyzes. RESULTS: The solid and liquid diet, the ratio of the renal weight and the animal's weight, the thickness of the renal cortex, the glomerular area and the capsule space of group AC animals werel ower and statically different than the animals in group CT. CONCLUSION: The ethanol, in the dose and time utilized inthe present study, was sufficient to cause alterations in renal morphologic.

Study of the profile of the neurotrophin BDNF in new leprosy cases before, during and after multidrug therapy / Estudo do perfil da neurotrofina BDNF em casos novos de hanseníase antes, durante e após poliquimioterapia

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin involved in the survival of neurons and growth and differentiation of dendrites and axons. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate plasma levels of BDNF of leprosy patients at different stages of multidrug therapy (MDT) in comparison with non-infected individuals. Plasma levels of BDNF were measured by ELISA in 30 healthy controls and 37 leprosy patients at diagnosis, during and after MDT. Plasma levels of BDNF tended to be higher in control subjects in comparison with leprosy patients, but this difference does not reach statistical significance. Interestingly, BDNF levels changed following MDT, achieving statistical difference only at the 2nd dose of MDT. These results indicate that BDNF may not be a surrogate marker of leprosy infection and/or related neuropathy. Further research is needed to investigate the meaning of BDNF level changes following leprosy treatment.

O fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) é uma neurotrofina envolvida na sobrevivência neuronal e no crescimento e diferenciação dos dendritos e axônios. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os níveis plasmáticos do BDNF de pacientes com hanseníase em diferentes fases da poliquimioterapia (PQT), em comparação com indivíduos não-infectados. Os níveis plasmáticos do BDNF foram mensurados pelo teste ELISA em 30 controles sadios e 37 pacientes com hanseníase no momento do diagnóstico, durante e após PQT. Os níveis plasmáticos do BDNF mostraram-se maiores nos indivíduos controles em comparação com os pacientes com hanseníase, mas não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. Curiosamente, os níveis de BDNF modificaram-se com o tratamento, mostrando diferença estatística apenas na segunda dose de PQT. Esses resultados indicam que o BDNF pode não ser um marcador de infecção na hanseníase e/ou neuropatias relacionadas. Novas pesquisas são necessárias para investigar o significado das alterações nos níveis de BDNF ao longo do tratamento da hanseníase.

Typing Candida albicans oral isolates from healthy brazilian schoolchildren using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis reveals two highly polymorphic taxa.

The genetic diversity of C. albicans oral isolates from 75 healthy schoolchildren from eight schools located in different geographic areas of Piracicaba city, São Paulo state, Brazil, was established using isoenzymes marker (Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis - MLEE) and cluster analysis. Patterns of monoclonal and polyclonal oral colonization by C. albicans within and between groups of schoolchildren were identified. However, significant divergence between the observed and the expected genotypic frequencies (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test) was not detected in the geographically adjacent groups, suggesting the hypothesis that populations of healthy schoolchildren do not correspond to the selection factor (differential survival) of strains. Two highly polymorphic and distantly genetically related taxa (A and B) were identified within the total population of yeasts, each contained subgroups (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1 and B2) and clusters of moderately related strains (from I to X), suggesting the existence of strains restricted or not to certain groups of geographically limited, healthy students. However, the coexistence of identical strains in healthy schoolchildren from the same school (geographically related) reinforces the hypothesis of oral transmission, where the sources of propagation could be explored. Furthermore, this could also be used in current and retrospective analyses of C. albicans isolated from immunocompetent and immunocompromised people, in order to detect commensal or potentially pathogenic yeast groups, predominantly in candidiasis, and in the development of strategies to prevent transmission or human propagation.

Avaliação do índice de placa bacteriana e sua relação com a condição física e o acondicionamento das escovas dentais / Assessment of plaque index and its relationship with physical fitness and conditioning of toothbrushes

Objetivo: o presente estudo buscou avaliar o índice de placa bacteriana e sua relação com a condição física e o acondicionamento das escovas dentais. Métodos: participaram do estudo 96 crianças em tratamento dentário em uma clínica odontológica de uma universidade privada de Alfenas/MG. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se o índice de Performace em Higiene do Paciente. Os dados foram tabulados no GraphPad Prism e tratados estatisticamente. Resultados: a condição física com grau 0 mostrou significância estatística entre os índices: bom e ruim, predominando o índice bom; com o grau 1, entre os índices bom e ruim, bom e péssimo e regular e ruim, predominando o ruim; com o grau 2, entre os índices muito bom e ruim, bom e péssimo, predominando o ruim e bom e ruim, bom e péssimo, predominando o péssimo. Com relação ao acondicionamento das escovas dentais, observou-se que 67,7% das crianças utilizam armarinho e 32,3%, porta-escovas. Conclusão: o maior índice de placa se situou entre regular e ruim, e o bom estado das escovas e o acondicionamento em porta-escovas se relacionaram com menores índices de placa.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the rate of plaque and its relation with physical fitness and conditioning of the toothbrushes. Methods: The study enrollled 96 children in dental treatment in a dental clinic at a private university Alfenas-MG. To collect data we used the Performance Index in Patient Care. Data were plotted in GraphPad Prism and treated statistically. Results: The physical condition with grade 0, showed statistical significance between the indices: good and bad, predominantly good content, with Grade 1, between the indices both good and bad, good and bad and fair and poor, predominantly poor, with grade 2, between the indices very good and bad, good and bad, mainly the bad and good and bad, good and bad, mainly the poor. With respect to packaging of toothbrushes, it was observed that 67.7% of children use haberdashery and 32.3%, brush holders. Conclusion: the plaque index was between fair and poor and good condition of the brushes and brush holders in preparation correlated with lower levels of plaque.